Alternative, fit in with the ideas of Einstein, it is to construct a stratigraphic scales based on the stages of development of the entire biome of a sedimentation basin. N. Andrussov has developed such a scheme for the Ponto-Caspian Neogene, A. Ivanov — for Carboniferous of Central Russia, R. Hecker for Devonian of Central Russia and Paleogene of the Fergana. Paleozoologists used this method very rarely. Paleobotanists, on the contrary, went namely this way. The most important achievement was the establishment of the stratigraphic scheme of the Carboniferous — Permian of the Kuznetsk basin, which was soon extended to the entire North temperate zone of the Earth: from Pechora river to the Far East, and from Taimyr peninsula to Mongolia. Based on the horizons of this scheme eco-geological units (stratons) can be distinguished. In non-marine deposits of Carboniferous — Jurassic of Northern and Central Eurasia, 13 eco-stratons have been selected. Ecozones Elatocladus linearis ... Cornia vosini, Quadrocladus pachyphyllum ... Echinolimnadia mattoxi and Quadrocladus pachyphyllum ... Prilukiella (?) tomiensis are described in accordance with the requirements of the Russian Stratigraphic Code. The volume of eco-zones usually comprises one or two series. But in the upper Permian and lower Triassic it is a part of the stage. This reflects the uneven pace of the historical development of the organisms. In the Stratigraphic code of Russia ecozone is considered as a local or provincial biostraton. But eco-stratons can be regional and planetary. A set of the regional eco-stratigraphic scales forms a complete variant of the stratigraphic scale of the Earth. What is now called a General scale, it is a simplified version of it.

The paper considers a point of view, based on the conception of the broad understanding of taxons. According to this point of view, rhyncholites of the subgenus Dentatobeccus and Microbeccus are accepted to be synonymous with the genus Rhynchoteuthis, and subgenus Romanovichella is considered to be synonymous with the genus Palaeoteuthis. The criteria, exercising influence on the different approaches to the classification of rhyncholites, have been analyzed (such as age and individual variability, sexual dimorphism, pathological and teratological features, degree of disintegration of material), underestimation of which can lead to inaccuracy. Divestment of the subgenuses Dentatobeccus, Microbeccus and Romanovichella, possessing very bright morphological characteristics, to have an independent status and denomination to their synonyms, has been noted to be unjustified. An artificial system (any suggested variant) with all its minuses is a single probable system for rhyncholites. The main criteria, minimizing its negative sides and proving the separation of the new taxon, is an available mass-scale material. The narrow understanding of the genus, used in sensible limits, has been underlined to simplify the problem of the passing the view about the genus to the other investigators and recognition of rhyncholites for the practical tasks.

Composition and structural evolution of the Maksutovo metamorphic complex in the its northern part has been examined. The early folds 77) plunging in the SE direction have been established to be developed only in the rocks of the Maksutovo metamorphic complex. The problem of the definition of the geodynamic nature of the 7Л deformation stage, marked by the folds 77), has not been solved yet. Tectonic inclusions of the metamorphic rocks adjacent to the western border of the Main Uralian Thrust without traces of 7Л deformation stage must not be considered as parts of the Maksutovo metamorphic complex. 7Л1 deformation stage expressed in formation of thrusts and 77. west vergent folds is connected with late Paleozoic continental collision. The third stage of deformation 7JIII is marked by development of 77) folds with steep hinges associated with post collision strike slip movements

Findings of the growth relationships between baddeleyite and zircon are rare, due to significant differences in the formation conditions of the minerals. A reaction replacement (partial to complete) of baddeleyite by zircon is possible during metamorphism accompanied by the interaction with high-Si fluids. The opposite situation, when zircon is replaced by baddeleyite, is extremely rare in the nature. Transformation of zircon from polymineral (compound) ore occurrence Ichetju (the Middle Timan) with the formation of microaggregates of baddeleyite, ratile and florencite has been found out. The size of the largest segregations of baddeleyite does not exceed 10 microns in diameter. Microaggregates are unevenly related to the rim of zircon with a thickness of 10 to 50 rfn, voids and cracks across the grain. Altered zircon rim (a mixture of newly formed minerals) is characterized by sharply increased composition of REE (especially LREE), Y, Nb, Ca, Ti. The composition of Th and U also increases. An overview of the experimental studies on the reaction between zircon and baddeleyite and single natural analogues allows to make a conclusion that the most likely mechanism of the transformation of zircon from ore occurrence Ichetju to baddeleyite (intergrowth with ratile and florencite) is due to the effect of interaction of primary zircon with high-temperature (higher than 500—600°C) alkaline fluids transporting HFSE (REE, Y, Nb, Ti). This is indirectly confirmed by the findings of zircon with anomalous high composition of Y and REE up to 100000 and 70000 ppm respectively.

The paper proposes a technique for determining the hydrodynamic parameters under conditions of the hydraulic coupling of the aquifers. A test modeling has shown that the existing methods of determining the flow parameter (Teys, Jacob, Hantush) give significant errors. They can be used only under the assumptions that are made in the derivation of the known calculated dependencies. The accuracy of the determining the overflow parameter has been shown to be largely determined by the ratio of the water loss of the aquifer under study and the adjacent one, which is a source of additional nutrition. For a whole range of tasks, such as income of the poor-quality polluted waters from the donor horizon or studying the dynamics of the mineral water conditioning composition, the processes of overflow can be a determining factor. The proposed technique is free from these shortcomings, but requires a cycle of cluster testing filtration work on all interacting aquifers.

The origin and formation of the groundwater in the Mekong Delta are the complex problem, which has not one solution nowadays. So the exploitation scheme still has many limitations. In the aquifers of the Mekong Delta there are both fresh water and mineralized water, which are very complex and heterogeneous in the distribution. The mineralized water has been considered to have sedimentagenous genesis (buried seawater), and freshwater has been believed to originate from infiltration of meteoric water. Studying of the stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen of the groundwater in the Mekong Delta has shown that the groundwater originates mainly from the infiltration of the meteoric water. In addition, a significant factor in the formation of groundwater in the Middle, Lower Pliocene and Miocene aquifer is the mixing of the meteoric and sea waters. Increasing in values of stable isotopes with growing depth of groundwater is related with that the recharging areas of Paleogene (deep) aquifers are distributed higher by absolute depths and farther from the coastline than recharging areas of Quaternary (shallow) aquifers. The results of the research can be used to optimize the scheme for the exploitation of the fresh groundwater, limiting the intrusion of sea water in the exploited groundwater in the Mekong Delta.

The influence of the processes of functioning of the local natural-technical systems (NTS) «Stoilenskoe» and «Lebedinskoe» of the KMA deposit on the environment has been studied with the information obtained during the period of last 7—12 years (2004—2015 y.y.). Results of the analyses of time series and obtained trends in the geological components alteration (in particular, a) level of groundwater, b) chemical composition of groundwater, c) engineering and geological processes) have been given. The ways of regime observations optimization concerning their placement and frequency in time have been offered. The proposed way of the assessment of the current state of NTS allows reducing the observations number, without reducing quality of information. The spatial structure and the time mode of monitoring have to be corrected according to the obtained information. The data received from Lebedinskoye and Stoylinskoye fields can be used for design and development of the similar geological fields.

Based on the analysis and synthesis of the resent factual data and topic-based materials, polygenous (organic and mantle) nature of hydrocarbon generation in the super-deep petroleum basins sedimentary sections at depth intervals of 8 to 12 km has been substantiated. A hydrocarbon generation and accumulation concept in natural reservoirs under the dispersed organic matter thermocatalysis model at depth interval of 3 to 5 km and invasion of the mantle fluids in geological objects at depths of 8 to 12 km and more has been proposed.

A.B. Missuna (1869—1922) was one of the first Russian women geologists. The most part of her scientific works were devoted to Quaternary glacial deposits, which she studied in the basins of Viliy, Dvina, Neman at the territory of Belarus and Litva. She designed the method of the terminal moraines studying and discovered new parts of its distribution. Missuna researched magmatic rocks of the Crimea. She was also the author of the works on fossils: Jurassic corals (13 new species), Carboniferous fishes (1 new species) and Miocene diatoms (2 new genuses and 18 new species). She created Geological cabinet at the Moscow Higher Women's Courses and taught there such subjects as petrography, general geology, paleontology, historiacal geology. She organized and conducted with women students the geological excursions in Moscow region, in Crimea, Urals. She was the first woman teacher of geological subjects in Russian Higher School. A.B.Missuna was a full member of the Imperial Moscow Society of Naturalists, St. Petersburg Mineralogical Society, Geological department of Imperial Society of Nature, Anthropology and Ethnography, as well as the member-founder of Russian Paleontological Society (nowadays Paleontological society at the RAS).

The large crystals of the collection and jewellery quality (including the crystals unique by size) have been found at the Iultin deposit (Eastern Chukotka). The jewellery ones are connected with veined morphological type of the ore bodies and located in the mineralized cavities and muscovite fringes. A black colour of cassiterite is conditioned by large number of the zones of the growth which absorb passing light. Significant by volume colourless and different-coloured fragments can be found in crystals. They can be used for faceting of high quality. The cassiterite of collection and jewellery quality is an important factor of profitability's raising in exploitation of tin deposits.