This paper gives an analysis and generalization of the data on groundwater chemical and gas composition, located deep in the largest tectonic structures of the Urals. The distribution of groundwaters by the degree of mineralization and composition is subjected to the normal vertical hydrogeochemical zonation. Calcium chloride brines are found in the Paleozoic and Late Proterozoic sedimentary, metamorphic and volcano-sedimentary complexes at a depth of 3-5 km. Their origin is associated with sedimentation processes occurred in talassogenic basins with different salinity gradients and with subsequent metamorphism of the surrounding rocks due to the epigenetic processes.

The analysis of the half a century hydrogeological data allows to argue that the environmental situation in the area of Kislovodsk field should be treated as close to critical. These results in the accumulation of pollutants in the pedosphere, bacteriological contamination of valanginian horizons in the boundary (southern) part of the field, the growth of dynamic levels, a fall of conditions of working levels of mineral water containing seltzer. The main reasons for the negative impact on the ecological situation - the landscape features contributing to the accumulation of pollutants in the pedosphere and forming potential sources of contamination, increased precipitation leading to the fall of conditions of mineral waters, runoff from non-sanitation settlements and the leakage of the networks (including sewer). The paper analyzes hydrogeodynamic and hydrogeochemical regimes of the exploitation of Kislovodsk field, gives the recommendations for improving the quality indicators of the main source of «Narzan» deposit.

The variations of water permeability of the reservoir rocks with the most productive characteristics for the drinking ground water in the oil regions of Tatarstan are considered. The pore porosity is shown to be responsible for the filter coefficients to 6-10 m /day, whereas the higher values of permeability are determined by fractures porosity. The determining role in the anisotropy of the filtration anisotropy is taken by geomorphological and geological-structural conditions of the territory, and the facial features of the rocks and the depth of their occurrence. On the basis of the established regularities of the behavior of the filtration field, the most probable values of permeability of reservoir rocks for different conditions of their occurrence were calculated.

The classification procedure referred to as the G-mode was applied to isolate hydrogeochemical homogeneous taxons in space and to compare them. Two geochemical tendencies were found in forming of groundwater chemical composition of the Donbass region: of direct and reverse hydrogeochemical zoning (for groundwater in Carbon, Cretaceous, Paleogene and Neogene deposits). The groundwater chemical composition changes from HCO3 - Ca²⁺ low salinity to Cl^-- Na⁺ high salinity at the first tendency and to HCO3 - Cl^-- Na⁺ low mineralized soda water to the second tendency. The origin of the soda-water is related to the processes of evaporation and condensation of water from out of CH-rich gas phase.

Perennial complex monitoring carried out in the underground workings has revealed three types of mineral water: I (YM) - sodium chloride groundwater from the ore bodies with mineralization 2,6-3,0 g/dm³; II (YM) - sodium chloride water from granite massif with a high concentration of bromine and boron and mineralization 11-13 g/dm³; III (YM) - chloride sodium water that comes from a high head aquifer overlying the ore formation, has mineralization 0,7-1,6 g/dm³ and a high content of fluorine up to 12-14 g/dm³. Sanitary-hygienic and radiological indicators of this water are in compliance with the current standards. The methods of capping of all three groundwater types have been developed providing the absence of contamination and an automatic time control of main balneological components level. Mineral water bottling line is designed.

Brief geological and hydrogeological characteristics of the study area are given. The assessment of the groundwater contamination by lead, nickel, petroleum, nitrates as a result of anthropogenic impacts on the example of Moscow’s water-ice horizon, obtained with the help of information analysis, these water-balance stations Malaya Istra and calculations periormed in the program SurfBall. The role of difierent landscapes in the contamination of least proiected aquifers is assessed. The conclusions about the potential for pollution of the underlying aquifers are done.

The assessment of the total impact of environmental factors on the health of the population in 30 cities of Russia is estimated. The evaluation was performed on the largest integrated anthropotechnogenic impact on the environment. Summary indicators of air pollution, water and groundwater for cities with tense and critical ecological state (ES) (categories 4 and 5) and the resorts of Caucasian mineral waters (CMW) related to cities with prosperous ES (category 1) have been collected and calculated. The following conclusions have been obtained: among the cities analyzed by the degree of ecological trouble the only Zheleznovodsk and Essentuki can be referred to the territories with the tense situation, the rest of the city, including the resort of Kislovodsk can be refered to the territories with critical ecological situation. An integral assessment of the health status of the population of large industrial centers and resorts in the CMW corresponds to the critical environmental situation. The reason is the high population density and the cities layout promoting the accumulation of pollutants in the environment and the formation of the buffer fields of environmental and geochemical contamination of federal resorts.

The research has been carried out on the contamination by finely dispersed dust of the air in urban territories during construction excavation works related to the formation of pits, trenches and so on in the areas of the occurrence of different types of the dispersed soil masses. The principles of zoning of urban areas on the mass fraction of the fine-dispersed particles in the total air dust pollution during excavation works. In the zones with high degree of dust emission the device for protection against dust is proposed to use. Experimental studies carried out in a laboratory aerodynamic tube were related with propagation processes of fine dust into the air of urban areas from constructions dumps stacked by the dispersed soils. To reduce dust emissions intensity the specialized stand and dust proof device are proposed for use in the zones of construction sites.

Currently an ecological basis of the urban planning documentation is performed during engineering and environmental surveys, which in the development of urban underground space should ensure the optimality of design decisions on environmental sustainability. The main task of engineering and environmental survey is to enable the adoption of city space planning projects, spatial and structural solutions ensuring minimization of environmental risk and to prevent adverse environmental effects. The basic aspects of engineering-geological surveys are considered, the conceptual model and the mechanism of geoecological risks management during the construction of urban underground structures are demonstrated.

One of the environmental problems of the resort region of Caucasian Mineral Waters (CMS) is the increased exposure of the population. The main factor affecting the radiation situation in the region, and hence the exposure of the population is a natural radioactivity of the rocks. It is needed to make a scientific basis for the region of CMS for the mechanisms of radionuclide migration from rocks to other media - namely, water, air, building materials and premises. For the resorts of the region it is needed to develop a map of potential radiation (radon hazard). The development of these maps requires a large-scale measurement, revealing the laws of formation of background radiation areas, taking into account the migratory ability of radionuclides. It requires exclusion of constructions and operation of buildings, regardless of the destination, as well as all sources of water supply of the population without compliance with all the requirements of radiation safety.

A brief description of the role of fresh groundwater in drinking water supply of large cities of Russia and the comparative evaluation of groundwater resources and the use of groundwater for various purposes in Russia and the United States are given. Land subsidence under the influence of large groundwater withdrawal is characterized. The assessment of the possibility of the fresh groundwater use for the urban water supply in emergency situations, both in current conditions as well as a forecast for the 2030, is given. On the basis of existing needs for drinking water and the availability of approved groundwater resources, the approximate prediction of groundwater supply for cities is made for different emergency situations. Possible changes in the population of cities and established water consumption rates are taken into account. The conclusion about the necessity of creation of a backup system of water supply based on fresh groundwater protected from contamination is justified.

The paper presents a methodology based on the integrated studies of the strength and filtration characteristics of the underground supporting structures to solve the problem of identification of the conditions, favorable for the formation of the defects in their supporting structures and to propose measures to improve the quality of the concrete linings. To identify the potencial variability of the water permeability of the concretelinings the deviation of the coefficient of filtration of the concrete from an average value, or the coefficient of variation, is found. The coefficient of variation allows determining the calculated value of the coefficient of filtration, which should be included in the lining design. The higher the value of the coefficient of variation is, the more heterogeneous lining is and the higher the probability of a leak is. The areas where the lining will be filter the water because of an insufficient density are identified, as well as areas, which are safe in this respect.

On the basis of field and experimental lithological and hydrochemical investigations carried out in the Volga-Ural sedimentary basin, a number of important provisions related to the mechanism and kinetics of cation exchange in a heterogeneous system of water-rock have been done. It has been established that they are zonal and differentiated by the depth of the basin. The most significant ion-exchange interaction is in the top of the supergene zone (up to 300 m) with Upper Permian argillaceous sediments with high adsorption properties. Here a radical metamorphic composition of underground fluids and formation of fresh sodium bicarbonate and sodium sulfate salty waters are marked. In areas of catagenesis and metagenesis at the depths greater than 1000-1500 m as a result of the restructuring of the clay minerals in the series of montmorillonite-hydromica-chlorite, the absorption capacity of the adsorption complex of clastic formations of Paleozoic and Late Proterozoic is sharply reduced. Exchange adsorption loses its geochemical significance and plays no significant role in the formation of calcium chloride brines. Their origin is associated with the processes of epigenetic dolomitization of limestone under the influence of density convection of the sodium chloride and magnesium brines from the Permian evaporate paleobasins.

Landfills and dumps of waste storage have become comparable to the zones of ecological disaster. Chemodanovsky landfill waste storage in the Penza region has a negative impact on the environment. In assessing the impact on groundwater and soil the polygon classified as “dangerous”, and the category of groundwater protection at its territory is defined as the minimum. The situation in the territory of Chemodanovsky landfill should recognize critical.

The important issue of constructing a mathematical model of the Kislovodsk mineral water deposit is considered. The hydrodynamic and hydrogeochemical regimes of the aquifers are characterized by highly dynamics, and depend both on the natural and technogenic factors. A mathematical model of the deposit is described by partial differential equations, reflecting flat-spatial filtering process and mass transfer. On the basis of geological and hydrogeological characteristics of the structure, a three-layer flat-spatial model of geofiltration is proposed, including top layer of pressure-gravity aquifer of Upper Valanginian subhorizon and two pressure ones: Lower Valanginian subhorizon and Tithonian horizon. The capacity and filtration properties of the aquifers have been determined by the results of experimental-filtration works. The results of the modeling and comparison with the dynamic levels in the observational wells are shown.

The important problem of designing of control systems for the hydrolithosphere processes is considered. Many hydrolithosphere processes are known to be described by partial differential equations (belonging to the class of distributed objects), which mathematical models do not have analytical solutions. To assess the dynamic characteristics of the objects under consideration the approximation models are usually used. The method for determining the parameters of the approximation model is shown on the example of Arkhyz groundwater deposit. Main stages of the design of the systems under consideration are shown: the choice of the number of development wells; the construction of approximation models; adaptation of methods of synthesis of distributed control systems for the case of using the non-standard approximation models; the solution of the problem of synthesis of distributed control system of hydrolithosphere processes for a given deposit; the discrete form of the algorithm controlling the process; simulation of the closed-loop control system for the hydrolithosphere processes.

Opportunities of the cooperative effects of the interaction of external and internal factors of the hydrocarbon technogenic systems are evaluated. Based on the principles of the self-organization, the opportunities of the manifestation of geochemical zonation forms at the sites of the pollution of the hydrolithosphere with oil and petroleum products are considered. For zones of aeration and saturation the priority in the formation of the technogenic geochemical zonation is given to the organic matter.